Multimodal therapy for mesothelioma is a combination of two or more types of cancer treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, to improve patient outcomes. Plans are tailored to the patient's specific needs and disease stage, with the goal of achieving the best possible result.
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Multimodal therapy combines mesothelioma treatments to attack the cancer from multiple angles. One treatment alone cannot control the cancer, but combining treatments offers patients a better chance at living longer.
Doctors sometimes use a more specific term for a multimodal treatment plan. “Bimodal therapy” combines two treatments, and “trimodal therapy” combines three treatments.
A multimodal treatment approach usually centers on a major tumor-removing surgery with chemotherapy and radiation therapy administered before, after or during the surgery.
For peritoneal mesothelioma, cytoreductive abdominal surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is the most effective treatment approach.
For pleural mesothelioma, there is no single treatment plan that is clearly better than all the others. It depends on the patient’s specific circumstances and the judgment of their doctors.
Who Is Eligible for Multimodal Treatment?
Patients diagnosed at an early stage who are otherwise in good health are ideal candidates for multimodal therapy.
Stage
The stage of mesothelioma refers to how far the cancer has advanced and spread. Early-stage cancer is small and localized, making it easier to surgically remove and easier to treat with other therapies.
Late-stage cancer, however, may already be so widespread that trying to completely remove it would do more harm than good to the patient. For late-stage patients, doctors usually recommend less invasive palliative treatments that focus on easing symptoms.
Cell Type
The cell type of a mesothelioma tumor affects how well it responds to treatment. Epithelioid tumors are easier to remove in surgery and more responsive to chemotherapy. Patients with this type of mesothelioma have a greater chance to benefit from multimodal treatment.
Overall Health
Many patients are not eligible for aggressive treatment because of health reasons.
Health Factors That Determine Eligibility
Surgeons must ensure the patient’s body is strong enough to heal from a major surgical procedure.
Oncologists must analyze the patient’s kidney, liver and immune functions as well as overall health to make sure chemotherapy will not be too toxic.
Radiologists must check whether the patient has reached the limit for how much radiation they can safely receive.
These doctors conduct a variety of tests to make sure each patient is in good enough health to receive multimodal therapy. The high cost of cancer treatments also puts mesothelioma multimodal therapy beyond the reach of many patients.
This is given in the weeks or months before primary therapy. In certain cases, doctors administer chemotherapy before surgery to reduce the size of tumors. This increases the chance of complete removal during surgery.
Primary Therapy
This is the most potentially effective treatment option. For mesothelioma patients who qualify, this usually means surgery. In some cases, surgeons may administer targeted treatments such as intraoperative chemotherapy or photodynamic therapy immediately after tumor removal, before the surgery is finished.
Adjuvant Therapy
This is given in the weeks or months after primary therapy. It is common for doctors to administer chemotherapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells remaining in the body. Sometimes doctors also try to prevent local cancer recurrence with radiation therapy. They irradiate the empty space left behind by a removed lung, or they direct small doses of radiation along surgical incision sites.
A 2016 review of 1,625 mesothelioma patients shows only a small proportion received more than one type of treatment
Treatment Type
Percentage
Chemotherapy or Surgery
44%
Chemotherapy and Surgery
15%
Neither Treatment
41%
Choosing the Right Treatments
Doctors are still experimenting to find the most effective combination of therapies for pleural mesothelioma treatment. Most specialists recommend a three-pronged approach that combines surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
When developing a multimodal treatment strategy, a team of doctors evaluates each case individually. They weigh the risks and benefits of potential treatments based on the patient’s unique situation. The team recommends the combination of treatments that offers the most hopeful outlook. This kind of care is only available at the best mesothelioma cancer centers.
If the patient responds poorly — or especially well — to any one treatment, the team can adjust the treatment plan moving forward. They may add a more promising treatment option, replace an ineffective one or adjust the dosage of an existing one.
Clinical trials are constantly trying to refine multimodal therapy through research. For example, a clinical trial as of March 2020 is underway to evaluate cytoreductive surgery and heated chemotherapy on pleural mesothelioma patients. This combination of treatments is traditionally given only to peritoneal mesothelioma patients.
In 2021, a clinical trial studied the effects of three modalities on malignant pleural mesothelioma patients: chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. Patients who received all three treatments survived for 32 months compared to 10 months for patients who only received palliative care or chemotherapy alone.
Quick Fact:
With surgery alone, it is nearly impossible for doctors to remove all tumors and prevent them from returning later on. To boost results, they can provide chemotherapy or radiation therapy before or after surgery.
Multimodal Therapy Breakthroughs for Mesothelioma
In recent years, mesothelioma specialists have started combining traditional therapies with experimental treatments. New technologies include Tumor Treating Fields, immunotherapy, gene therapy and photodynamic therapy. For now, novel treatments such as these are typically only available to patients participating in a clinical trial or through compassionate use programs.
Tumor Treating Fields Provides New Late-Stage Option
In May 2019, Tumor Treating Fields for mesothelioma became the second treatment to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the pleural type of the disease. More than 97% of patients responded to the therapy with tumor shrinkage or reported no new tumor growth.
Clinical trials have shown improvements to survival in patients with unresectable and metastatic disease by an average of six months. Patients with epithelial mesothelioma lived an average of 21.2 months. In July 2020, Novocure announced that more than 50 centers and 100 physicians in the U.S. are certified to prescribe the treatment.
Photodynamic Therapy Study Extended Survival for Years
A 2017 study published in the Annals of Thoracic Surgery looked at pleural mesothelioma patients treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. The patients had a median survival time of three years, and 19 of the 73 patients in the study lived more than seven years.
The Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania has sponsored an ongoing phase 2 clinical trial of this novel multimodal approach since 2014.
A 2017 study of 73 epithelioid patients also linked a multimodal approach with photodynamic therapy to long median survival times.
The immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab has shown effectiveness with mesothelioma patients in clinical trials. Merck & Co. markets it under the brand name Keytruda.
Keytruda shrunk tumors in more than half of the patients in a mesothelioma clinical trial. All the patients had previously received chemotherapy. A 2023 trial published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology showed improved survival and a 23% higher response rate for patients receiving Keytruda alongside chemotherapy.
In 2016, a phase I clinical trial began to test pembrolizumab in a multimodal approach as both a neoadjuvant treatment and an adjuvant treatment. Doctors are combining it with lung-sparring surgery and standard chemotherapy.
Anti-Angiogenesis Prolongs Survival
In 2017, French researchers announced results from their multimodal study combining chemotherapy with the anti-angiogenesis drug bevacizumab (Avastin). They reported a three-month improvement in median overall survival and progression-free survival among patients who received both therapies.
The results were so positive that French oncologists added Avastin to their standard of care for pleural mesothelioma patients who do not qualify for surgery. In the U.S., the National Comprehensive Cancer Network changed its recommendation for first-line pleural mesothelioma treatment to include Avastin.
A 2023 study of some Medicare patients diagnosed with mesothelioma reports: 8% to 11% had chemo; 1% had radiation; 14% to 27% had surgery; and 5% to 11% had all 3 therapies.
A mesothelioma specialist can work with you to develop a personalized treatment plan. Factors like cancer stage, type and overall health will affect your treatment options.
“A very effective treatment for mesothelioma is a multimodal approach consisting of a combination of surgery, chemo, radiation and/or immunotherapy. It removes the visible tumor to help alleviate symptoms and provide reduction of tumor burden. This ensures patients are in a better position to potentially live longer.”
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Selby, K. (2024, November 15). Mesothelioma Multimodal Therapy. Asbestos.com. Retrieved November 15, 2024, from https://www.asbestos.com/treatment/multimodal-therapy/
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Selby, Karen. "Mesothelioma Multimodal Therapy." Asbestos.com. Last modified November 15, 2024. https://www.asbestos.com/treatment/multimodal-therapy/.
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Dr. Jacques Fontaine is a thoracic surgeon at Moffitt Cancer Center in Tampa, Florida, where he heads up the Mesothelioma Research and Treatment Center. He specializes in minimally invasive robotic surgery and aggressive surgeries for mesothelioma.
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